In the new study, the researchers used mathematical equations to create three different models of plague transmission during a series of outbreaks in Europe called the second pandemic, which includes the Black Death and occurred during the 14th through 19th centuries. For example, fleas and lice could have fed on infected humans, and then transmitted the disease to other humans. This has led some researchers to speculate that human parasites played an important role in spreading the Black Death. And the Black Death spread much farther and faster, and killed many more people, than modern outbreaks do, the study authors said. For instance, records from the time do not mention large numbers of rats dying off, as was seen in later outbreaks in Europe starting in the 19th century, according to the new study. But some researchers argue that this mode of transmission doesn't fit with the historical evidence.
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